Directions: As you both read the text individually and subsequently meet weekly in groups, be prepared to:
1) Define and Discuss each Key Term; and
2) Choose the best answer for each Discussion Exercise, citing the page number that supports your choice.
e.g. Although some past studies indicate that those who enter education programs score higher on intelligence tests than the average college student, many other studies indicate that the standardized test scores and grade-point averages of teachers’ college graduates are among the lowest of all college programs.
True, p. 162

CHAPTER 2: THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF SCHOOLING
d. Rationalization
e. Formal Organization
f. Bureaucracy
g. Scientific Management
h. Line Offices
i. Staff Offices
j. Site-Based and Shared Decision Making
k. Professional Organizations and Unions

Differentiation (choose the best answer)?
a. Structural differences between the way children and adults participate in the educational process
b. Type and amount of training they have received and whether or not they are paid for their work
c. Quiet inside activities organized by adults, and noisy outside activities organized by children
d. How they enter and become participants in schools
e. Episodic nature of activity (segmented and encapsulated)
f. Whereas children are grouped by ability, adults are grouped by the length and type of this
g. Immediate extrinsic and intrinsic versus intangible or deferred
1. Space
2. Time
3. People
4. Employment
5. Recruitment
6. Rewards
7. Training
8. The physical decentralization of school systems leads to structural looseness, making direct supervision and control difficult, or what many social scientists refer to loose coupling? ___ True ___ False

9. The U.S. school system is supervised and directed by a national Ministry of Education, like most other countries?
___ True ___ False

10. Line offices occupy horizontal positions in the reporting structure responsible for tasks which are ancillary or consultative to the overall work of the organization, whereas Staff offices are the positions in an organization located in the vertical supervisory structure? ___ True ___ False

11. Voluntary organizations like teachers’ unions and professional organizations have an interest in school, but are not directly affiliated with it. ___ True ___ False

12. On one hand, parent groups can be perceived as a serious threat to the school because, as parents, they have legitimate access to school affairs, but on the other hand, the tenure of a child in a school is relatively short, and if parents cannot be discouraged, co-opted, intimidated, ignored, or otherwise resisted, school personnel can always merely wait until the children move, drop out, or graduate? ___ True ___ False

13. In practice, states have given schools “full foundational funding,” enough to raise them to the level of funding of the wealthier districts? ___ True ___ False

14. A common misconception is that federal dollars are a major source of educational revenue, in fact federal funds are never amounted to more than 8% and now are less than 4% of all educational resources? ___ True ___ False

15. There are no explicit constitutional provisions for schooling, which is why states have assumed responsibility for public education? ___ True ___ False

16. State monitoring of local graduating standards and instructional quality is rarely reinforced by regional non-governmental accrediting agencies? ___ True ___ False

17. Bureaucracies are simple, horizontally structured social organizations? ___ True ___ False

18. One characteristic of bureaucracy is that each task (function) the organization does has an individual, department, or group of people (structure) to carry it out? ___ True ___ False

19. The influence of local businesses and industries is particularly powerful? ___ True ___ False

20. Schools have multiple goals because they have multiple constituencies and clienteles, each with their own agenda and each pushing their own goals? ___ True ___ False

21. Goal displacement occurs when procedural activities — the do’s, don’t’s, and how-to’s of organizational life — become more important than the reasons for which the organization was created. ___ True ___ False

22. Beginning in the 1830's the middle and upper classes began to advocate that publicly supported instruction in basic literacy and morality be provided for economically disadvantaged children. The implicit purpose of this instruction was for the creation of a meritocratic society that allowed for social mobility? ___ True ___ False

23. After World War II, global changes in the distribution of population, natural resources, trade, the labor market, and technology, as well as urbanization, industrialization, and changes in the labor force affected every facet of human existence and gave birth to modern society? ___ True ___ False

24. The little red schoolhouse model was sufficient for relatively homogeneous small communities, but today more than 75% of the U.S. population lives in cities, where economic and ethnic diversity has exploded both the myth of the middle class and the myth of the melting pot? ___ True ___ False

25. Frederick Taylor was an industrial engineer at the turn of the 20th century who was the chief opponent and critic of “Scientific Management?” ___ True ___ False

26. Taylorism, which placed power in the hands of workers, argued that meticulous observation, testing, and record-keeping were not necessary? ___ True ___ False

27. Schools are criticized for mirroring corporate America and for too closely resembling factories, and teachers for often completely accepting the legitimacy of business ideology? ___ True ___ False
Restructuring and Reform (choose the best answer)?
a. Attempted to first dismantle non-responsive, alienating, corrupt, top-heavy, and expensive bureaucracies, then make educational systems more responsive and accessible by reducing the size of the unit that people had to deal with daily and by locating administrators in the community it controlled
b. Has its origins in reports by a large number of federal commissions and study groups whose charge was to examine the supposed fragile state of schools, typified by the report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform (1983)
c. Sought to improve performance by increasing the standards to be met for promotion and graduation
d. Proposed a major revamp of training programs — including eliminating the baccalaureate degree in teaching and extended the program by a year — and a variety of methods for stimulating better teaching, including differentiated staffing, merit pay, and other incentives
e. Devolves authority to a specific building principal, who is given far more control over the selection of curricula and instructional techniques, and sometimes over hiring and firing and budgetary matters
f. Gives additional power to other constituents in school — teachers, parents, and students
28. Academic performance: the first wave of the excellence movement
29. Site-based management
30. Decentralization
31. Shared decision making
32. The “Excellence Movement”
33. Teacher competence: the second wave of the excellence movement

34. The terms empowerment and restructuring are almost always erroneously linked? ___ True ___ False
35. Which are some of the alternative possibilities for school structure that are currently espoused?
a. Changing the school schedule
b. School choice
c. Keeping schools small
d. Privatization
e. Flexible groupings of students
f. a, b & c only
g. a through e

CHAPTER 6: WHAT IS TAUGHT IN SCHOOLS: CURRICULUM AND THE STRATIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE
a. Curriculum
b. Sociology of Knowledge
c. Sociology of Curriculum
d. Reconceptualist Curriculum Theory
e. Hidden Curriculum
f. Ideology of Schooling
g. Stratification of the Curriculum
h. Ability Grouping
i. Tracking
j. The “Catholic School Effect”
k. Transformative Pedagogy
l. Networks and Coalitions

36. Curriculum refers strictly to the planned course of study for what is to be taught in an educational institution, and does not refer to the unplanned experience provided to students? ___ True ___ False

37. The central questions of critical theorists of curriculum is not how to manage knowledge, but what kinds of knowledge are included in the curriculum and whose interests are served? ___ True ___ False

38. Implicit in the sociology of knowledge is the fact that humans construct and modify knowledge within their social interactions. Knowledge or truth is not an “objective” or fixed body of facts but is constructed by humans and therefore is value-laden. This conceptualization is, of course, antithetical to that of traditional curriculum theorists?
___ True ___ False

39. In addition to the formally stated, explicit curriculum, there is an implicit, or hidden curriculum that imparts beliefs and values to students? ___ True ___ False

The Formal Curriculum (match each curriculum with its conceptualizations)?
a. The Humanist Curriculum
b. The Social Efficiency Curriculum
c. The Developmentalist Curriculum
d. The Social Meliorist Curriculum
40. Developed from principles of scientific management, and prescribes different programs of study according to differences in students’ abilities as measured by standardized testing.
41. Learning should be structured so that children enjoy what they are doing while learning, and should be taught when they are intellectually and emotionally ready to learn rather than in accordance with their chronological age.
42. Students should facilitate social change by producing students who will fight inequities and oppression and make the world a better place.
43. Originated in clinical and developmental psychology, and its focus is the individual learner rather than the needs of society or the importance of a particular body of knowledge.
44. The purpose of schooling is to develop the intellect and power of reason by transmitting a core of the finest elements of the (Anglo) Western heritage to all members of society.
45. Students are to move through school as quickly as possible, and to that end, the degree to which children can be kept “on task” becomes a measure of effective teaching.
46. Students are provided with different perspectives on events and are encouraged to engage in critical examinations rather than merely reading texts and accepting the viewpoint of the author.
47. The curriculum ignores the literature of non-European cultures and includes 20th-century American art and music only “if necessary.”
48. The influence of all 4 of these curricula is likely to be visible in public schools, but this particular curriculum has had the strongest influence.

49. When we discuss the stratification of the curriculum, we are not talking about a hierarchy of power? ___ True ___ False

50. Stratification of the curriculum refers to today’s schools that are organized so that children are assigned a curricula according to the location and resources of the school, the age of the children, the number of children per classroom and — most important — the school’s expectations of how well those children will perform both in school and in future occupations? ___ True ___ False

51. Ability grouping, or placing students according to their abilities as perceived by school personnel, does not take place in higher education? ___ True ___ False

52. A single high school can have a tracking system with as many as 6 or 7 levels of basic academic courses. These courses share similar titles but their content and intellectual challenge differ significantly? ___ True ___ False

53. Current research concludes that ability grouping and tracking really don’t have detrimental effects on students?
___ True ___ False

54. As a whole, higher expectations are placed on lower track students because teachers understand they are not “college-bound,” and must perform better? ___ True ___ False

55. Many middle- and upper-class parents argue that heterogenous grouping with slower students, who also are more likely to be disadvantaged or minority students, will retard the learning of their ostensible more advanced off-spring?
___ True ___ False

56. Although higher track students do tend to perform better, research suggests that this is because they are taught more than students who are defined as “low achievers,” not because they are smarter? ___ True ___ False

57. The “Catholic School Effect” refers to the fact that because Catholic schools are unable to support the number of tracks commonly found in public school, their students are forced to enroll in the only classes available: lower achieving – less rigorous – less academic oriented courses? ___ True ___ False

58. Public schools offer so many nuances in courses, they actually reduce the initial differences in socioeconomic status and achievement that students bring with them to school? ___ True ___ False

59. The hidden curriculum refers to the more covert effects of school organization and management, and consists of the implicit messages given to students about socially legitimated or “proper” behavior, differential power, social evaluation, what kinds of knowledge exist, which kinds are valued by whom, and how many students are valued in their own right. These messages are learned informally as students go about their daily life in schools? ___ True ___ False

60. According to some past research, the factory model still predominates for most students; only high status children systematically receive training whose hidden curriculum prepares them for professional work? ___ True ___ False

Alternative Curricula (match each curriculum with its conceptualizations)?
a. Democratic Education
b. Critical Pedagogy
c. Multicultural Education
d. Feminist Pedagogy
61. Has been woven through discussions in the professional education literature since the 1960's, when social activists struggled against racial and gender oppression.
62. Anti-racist, anti-sexist education that critiques both individual and structural forms of racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination and that works toward social transformation.
63. Proponents use John Dewey’s works as a theoretical base.
64. Grown out of the work of critical theorists.
65. Concerned with the experiences of women, particularly as related to differential power structures.
66. Concerned with developing students’ critical abilities in order to work toward the transformation of society.
67. Consistent with feminism and feminist theory.
68. Schools could serve as social centers where people could build a spirit of cooperation and community as well as a sense of interdependence as they learn the critical thinking skills necessary for a democratic society.

CHAPTER 3: YOUTH CULTURE AND THE STUDENT PEER GROUP
a. Peer Group
b. Youth Culture
c. Socialization
d. Adolescence
e. Liminality
f. Cohort

69. Peer group and youth culture are interchangeable and refer to the same phenomenon? ___ True ___ False

70. The term youth culture comes from anthropology and is a broader term than peer group? ___ True ___ False

Developmental Factors in the Generation of Peer Groups (choose the best two answers for each)?
a. Not wanting to be different than your friends
b. A desire to transform the world and make it a better place
c. Role-modeling and trying on different identities exemplified by their friends or significant adult figures
d. Defiance to adult symbols of authority
e. A belief in invincibility, immortality and high ideals
f. A distaste for being similar to your parents
71. & Conformity
72. & Rebellion
73. & Idealism

74. Socialization of children in an industrialized society like the U.S. takes place exclusively by modeling the behavior of parents and family members? ___ True ___ False

75. Adolescence is a fairly recent phenomenon produced primarily in modern industrialized societies? ___ True ___ False

76. Adolescence is considered a liminal state because adolescents are neither children nor grown up, between and betwixt one identified social status? ___ True ___ False

77. The more technologically advanced a society is, the less years children spend in schools? ___ True ___ False

Schooling and Adolescence (choose the best answer)?
a. To protect adult laborers from the cheaper and hence “unfair” competition of youthful workers
b. The ability to support oneself does not coincide with or closely follows puberty
c. Concentrated by age groups and segregated from contact with all adults but teachers and other school staff
d. Reinforces prohibitions against early marriage and parenthood
e. Mandated school attendance, where children spend less time exclusively in their family, neighborhood and close community
78. Compulsory Schooling
79. Age Grade Segregation
80. Separation of Biological from Social Maturity
81. Protective Custody
82. Economic Dependence

83. The lack of clear-cut rites of passage has blurred the distinction between childhood and adulthood? ___ True ___ False

84. Less children than ever are growing up in families that are very poor? ___ True ___ False

85. Schools no longer operate as if most children have two heterosexual parents, one of whom is a full-time parent available for helping with homework, having parental consultations with teachers, making cookies, and other tasks?___ True ___ False

86. As the lower-paying service sector of the labor market grows, opportunities for lucrative positions shrink and there is less room at the top of the economic ladder. Young people must reduce their aspirations in accordance with the reality of the more humdrum, less lucrative jobs available? ___ True ___ False

87. In 1994 federal directed states to adopt a “zero-tolerance” policy on weapons at school under a gun-free schools law. Some states are setting up alternative schools to provide schooling for increasing numbers of students expelled under this law?
___ True ___ False

88. One of the consequences of a “postponed generation” is that its members take less time to grow up and attain economic independence? ___ True ___ False

89. Schools are organized to coincide with the natural impulses of children, and they usually involve a child’s favorite activities? ___ True ___ False

90. Nowhere else but in schools is such a large group of non-criminals forced to remain in an institution for so long, a fact that makes children’s attitudes about their participation diverge markedly from that of adults? ___ True ___ False

91. Acceptance involves internalization of the school’s promise that academic success and educational longevity will pay off? ___ True ___ False

92. The important aspect of negotiators is that schooling has intrinsic rather than extrinsic value? ___ True ___ False

93. Resistence to institutional constraints is more than simple misbehavior. It is principled, conscious, and ideological nonconformity which has its basis in philosophical differences between the individual and the institution?
___ True ___ False

94. Statistics on dropouts are highly accurate, including figures on the absolute number of students who fail to graduate?
___ True ___ False

CHAPTER 4: THE LABOR FORCE IN EDUCATION: TEACHERS, COUNSELORS, ADMINISTRATORS, AND ANCILLARY STAFF
a. Loose Coupling
b. Variable Zoning
c. De-Skilling
d. Intensification
e. Alienation
f. Re-Skilling

95. Many education professionals have an image problem. Whether university-level or elementary school teachers, counselors or principals, coaches or superintendents, all educators feel there is a gap between the status they would like to enjoy in society and the power they actually wield? ___ True ___ False

96. Public school teachers are ranked, in indices of social status, equal to doctors, lawyers, dentists, college professors, and airline pilots? ___ True ___ False

97. It is market factors and legislative fiat that govern teacher certification, in contrast to medicine and law where panels of doctors and lawyers set licensing standards? ___ True ___ False

98. Until the middle of the 19th century in the U.S., all teachers and administrators were men? ___ True ___ False

99. While the teaching profession entered the 20th century with a work force dominated by men, women held virtually all of the administrative positions — a situation that prevails today? ___ True ___ False

100. Highly educated women in the 1950's and early 60's found that sex discrimination in employment still precluded them from virtually all professional positions but teaching? ___ True ___ False

101. Men usually go directly from teaching and coaching to line positions as assistant principals or principals in middle or high schools, and from there go to central administration? ___ True ___ False

102. Most teachers, whether male or female, are likely to have selected teaching as their first career choice, and plan to make it their life work? ___ True ___ False

103. Attrition rates for teachers tend to increase if they survive the first year or two of teaching? ___ True ___ False

104. While women from upper-class backgrounds are over-represented as new teachers, women from less-advantaged backgrounds are likely to continue teaching longer? ___ True ___ False

105. While there are substantially fewer minority teachers than whites teachers, turnover among minority teachers is much lower than for whites? ___ True ___ False

The Conditions of Labor (choose the best answer)?
a. Teachers work in almost total seclusion from other adults
b. Teachers must first achieve a minimum level of order and attentiveness, as well as an agreement by the students to internalize what the teacher presents
c. The flow of instruction is regularly interrupted by announcements over the intercom, lunch count, children asking to leave the room, others coming in with notes or requests from other teachers, fire drills, assemblies, athletic activities, fights, and other contingencies
d. Teachers have little respite from their classrooms, few have free periods, and the number who do has declined
e. While the work of teachers ostensibly is teaching, they do many other things as well such as develop instructional materials, coach athletic teams, and supervise extracurricular activities
f. Both the quality and quantity of what teachers do is difficult to assess
106. Classroom Conditions
107. Fragmentation
108. Isolation
109. Control of Students
110. Lack of Tangible Results
111. Multi-dimensionality

112. De-skilling is the sense that nothing ever is subtracted from your job description, and work intensification limits teacher autonomy through mandated curricula and policies developed at administrative levels? ___ True ___ False

113. Teaching has a “flat” career trajectory. Teachers cannot be promoted for good teaching except by moving into administration, which means leaving the classroom? ___ True ___ False

114. Teacher organizations promote the concept of merit pay because they are objective and fair? ___ True ___ False

115. Career ladders are a variation
of merit pay, but they attempt to avoid subjectivity by making the steps for acquiring merit very explicit? ___ True ___ False

116. De-skilling allows teachers the ability to make decisions about what and how to teach, the ability to utilize their training and expertise? ___ True ___ False

117. Approximately 30% of students in teacher preparation programs are white European-Americans and tend to come from rural and suburban backgrounds? ___ True ___ False

118. School administrators are not required to have teacher certification? ___ True ___ False

119. Past studies have shown that students whom counselors see most are those who need it the least: those with a high level of academic achievement and extracurricular participation, who are from the middle and upper classes and have seldom been in trouble? ___ True ___ False

120. On one hand, because they have been teachers, administrators claim special understanding of teachers and instructional problems. On the other hand, they are viewed by teachers as management, not labor, and as lacking expertise in the teacher’s own subject areas? ___ True ___ False

Alternative Possibilities (choose the best answer)?
a. A salutary change would occur if the ranks of both professors and students in colleges of education more closely resembled the general population of public schools
b. Depart from the heavily cognitive teacher training programs, place greater emphasis on child and adolescent development, on the historical and philosophical antecedents of current practice, and on the social, political, and cultural context within and outside of the schools
c. Question the legitimacy of the male-dominated hierarchy of schools in order to gain voice in the decion-making process
d. Teachers must seriously reflect on the meanings and consequences of their practice, and be critical in the sense that they question the taken-for-granted assumptions — the “that’s the way it’s always been done” — of school practice and societal organization
e. Place emphasis on courses and experiences that prepare students to function among those who are ethnically, culturally, and economically different from themselves
121. Teachers as Intellectuals
122. Teachers as Feminists
123. Recruitment to Teacher Education
124. Multi-Cultural Infusion
125. An Interdisciplinary Perspective

CHAPTER 8: GENDER IN SCHOOLING
a. Sex
b. Gender
c. Sexism
d. Sex Role Stereotyping
e. Sexist Language
f. Sexual Harassment
g. Sexual Orientation

126. Sex and Gender carry the same meaning and therefore are interchangeable? ___ True ___ False

127. Sex refers to the physical characteristics associated with being male or female? ___ True ___ False

128. Gender is a more inclusive term than Sex, and refers to not only physiological characteristics but to learned cultural behaviors and understandings? ___ True ___ False

129. Television and other media do not play a crucial role in transmitting the culture’s sex role behaviors and values?
___ True ___ False

130. Researchers have found that as young boys begin to understand the relational cost of expressing real thoughts and feelings, they respond by silencing themselves and behaving in ways considered more appropriate for “good little boys.”
___ True ___ False

131. Similarly, girls learn not to express their feelings and often develop patronizing or contemptuous attitudes toward men?
___ True ___ False

132. Differential socialization patterns in the society lead to differences in the goals of schooling for males and females?
___ True ___ False

133. Sexism is generally used to describe prejudice against females on the basis of their gender, although it indicates any arbitrary stereotyping of males and females on the basis of their gender? ___ True ___ False

134. It is not important for educators to understand and confront sexism in the structures practices, and curricula of schooling?
___ True ___ False

135. According to Title IX (1972) of the Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act, practices once common in schools, such as subject area segregation based on gender, are no longer legal? ___ True ___ False

136. Despite Title IX’s mandate that schools must permit males and females to study the same curriculum, in reality gender-based differential patterns of enrollment in courses, different patterns of treatment for men and women in classes, and inequities in how women are portrayed in the formal curricular content still exist? ___ True ___ False

137. Math, science, and many of the vocational areas (auto shop, woodworking, drafting) historically have been considered by educators, parents, and students as more appropriate for females? ___ True ___ False

138. The humanities and a few vocational courses (bookkeeping, typing, shorthand, cosmetology) are perceived to be more relevant for males? ___ True ___ False

139. Gender differences by subject matter reinforce to students the already clear message about what is “appropriate” knowledge for males and females? ___ True ___ False

140. Research on the portrayal of men in texts indicates that males, rather than sharing central roles with women, are either ignored or relegated to domestic roles? ___ True ___ False

141. The failure to integrate female experiences into general curriculum drives home the message that girls and their experiences are somehow “other,” that they are not part of general literature and history? ___ True ___ False

142. Male students do better in math and science, while females achieve higher grades throughout public school and do better on language-related courses such as reading, writing, and literature? ___ True ___ False

143. Researchers suggest that there is no sex bias in both the construction and the content of the SAT test? ___ True ___ False

144. Studies by the College Board, by ETS, and by independent research consistently report that women receive lower grades than men in every subject in high school and college, but higher SAT scores by approximately 60 points?___ True___ False

145. Women of color are especially disadvantaged in the SAT process; their average scores are lower than those of both white men and men in their own ethnic group? ___ True ___ False

146. Although greater numbers of women are now earning Master’s degrees and doctorates, over half of the women at the master’s level and over one-third of those at the doctoral level are earning degrees in Education? ___ True ___ False

147. The structure of schooling has been described by educational historians as an “educational harem” because it relies heavily on a hierarchical system in which male administrators manage female teachers and support staff?___ True ___ False

148. The sex of students is rarely used as an organizational tool for structuring classroom activities? ___ True ___ False

149. Since so much of what is done in schools is based on competition, females often find themselves in an uncomfortable or alienating environment? ___ True ___ False
150. Male students receive less attention of all kinds by teachers? ___ True ___ False

151. Female students are neither reprimanded nor praised but tend to be ignored in classrooms? ___ True ___ False

152. Sexist language (fireman, policeman, mankind, etc...) is another way in which women are socialized to see themselves as subordinate to men? ___ True ___ False

153. According to survey research, harassment by adults in school settings is much more common than peer harassment?
___ True ___ False

154. In conjunction with the greater willingness of some gays and lesbians to be open about their experiences, the majority of educators have now welcomed the issue of sexual orientation — both in school and with regard to parents — because it such a pertinent social issue? ___ True ___ False

CHAPTER 7: ETHNIC MINORITIES: EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY
a. Race
b. Ethnicity
c. Minority
d. Ethnocentricity
e. Racism
f. Prejudice
g. Discrimination
h. Assimilation vs. Accomodation
i. Cultural Pluralism
j. Civil Rights
k. Compensatory Education
l. Affirmative Action
m. Cultural Deprivation vs. Cultural Differences

155. Membership in ethnic minority groups should really be considered apart from social class? ___ True ___ False

156. The three traditional racial groups recognized in early anthropological writings, Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negroid, that were based on traits such as amount and texture of hair, skin color, and other physical attributes believed to characterize each group, are no longer accepted in the scientific community? ___ True ___ False

157. The term race is too vague to have much meaning for contemporary scientists, since biologists have found few genetic or real differences between members of so-called racial groups? ___ True ___ False

158. Ethnicity is fixed, does not involve choice, nor can change within the larger cultural context? ___ True ___ False

159. The social and political power of ethnic minorities rarely depends upon how identifiably different they are from the dominant groups? ___ True ___ False

160. Whether a group is labeled by itself or others as an ethnic minority depends on the historical period and geographic location? ___ True ___ False

161. Ethnocentrism is when one sees other groups of people as superior to one’s own? ___ True ___ False

162. Stereotypes are the basis for and reinforce patterns of prejudice and are difficult to dislodge by logic or new information?
___ True ___ False

163. A negative stereotype fosters social avoidance and even the desire for physical distance? ___ True ___ False

164. Institutional racism may be seen in effects of ability grouping and tracking, differential disciplinary practices, standardized testing, uneven representation in special education classes, and the like? ___ True ___ False

165. Acting in accord with cultural myths and ideologies, policy-makers have assumed that a good education will lead inevitably to a good job? ___ True ___ False

166. Equal opportunity does not require equal access to the same facilities? ___ True ___ False

The Federal Role (choose the best answer)?
a. Provided funds for health and nutrition programs for Native Americans.
b. Provided programs such as Head Start for preschoolers and remedial reading and math programs for school-aged children considered to be educationally deprived.
c. The establishment of ethnic studies programs.
d. Allowed the Civil Rights Act to be enforced by allowing the denial of federal funds to schools with racially discriminatory programs.
e. Purpose was to meet the special educational needs of the large number of children of limited English-speaking ability in the U.S.
f. A variety of practices that seek to institute the recruitment of African American, Latino, American Indian, and Asian American students into colleges and universities and to hire teachers from the same groups for public schools and institutions of higher education.
g. Authorized the Commissioner of Education to examine the lack of availability of equal educational opportunities for individuals by reason of race, color, religion, or national origin in public educational institutions in all levels in the U.S., and led to the Coleman Report.
h. Provided free public education for handicapped children.
i. Gave the U.S. Commissioner of Education the power to help desegregate the schools and the U.S. Attorney General the power to initiate lawsuits to force school desegregation.
j. Created the “separate but equal doctrine” and was used until 1954 to justify segregated facilities.
k. Stated that separate facilities are inherently unequal and therefore illegal under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
l. Required that federal district courts be used to end segregation of public schools at the local level.

167. Plessy v. Ferguson (1895)
168. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
169. Enforcement Decree of 1955
170. Title IV of the Civil Rights Act (1964)
171. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act (1964)
172. Section 402 of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
173. Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)
174. The 1966 Education of Handicapped Children Program (Title VI)
175. The 1967 Bilingual Education Program (Title VII)
176. The Indian Education Act of 1972
177. The Ethnic Heritage Act of 1972
178. “Affirmative Action” policies

179. Three distinct theories (unequal resources and treatment, cultural background, and the labor market) have been developed over the last 3 decades as an attempt to explain why minority students do not succeed in school in the same way that European American children do? ___ True ___ False

180. The theory of unequal resources and treatment looked away from the schools and toward the home to explain why minority and poor children have failed in school? ___ True ___ False

181. The core of the cultural deprivation explanation was the alleged “cultural disadvantage” of the children’s home environment, and was in large part responsible for the development of compensatory education programs?
___ True ___ False

182. According to the cultural difference explanation, school failure is a result of differences between culturally derived white-middle-class communication patterns of the school and those of the students’ home culture? ___ True ___ False

Labor Market Theory (match the best answers)?
a. Autonomous minorities
b. Voluntary or immigrant minorities
c. Involuntary or castelike minorities
183. Were incorporated into the society forcibly either through conquest or colonization.
184. Exhibit primary cultural differences from mainstream groups.
185. Examples are Jews and Mormons.
186. Voluntarily moved to the U.S. from all parts o f the globe for economic, political, or religious opportunities.
187. Exhibit secondary cultural differences from dominant groups.
188. Those born in the U.S. and who do not (or no longer) experience systematic discrimination, despite cultural
differences from the mainstream such as religion or culture.
189. Internalize “folk theories of success” congruent with those of dominant groups.
190. May engage in “cultural inversion,” or resistance to the cultural behaviors and language forms of the dominant
group.

191. Accommodation refers to losing one’s cultural identity through Americanization, and following a European American middle-class and upper-class model of language and values? ___ True ___ False

192. Assimilationists believe that minority groups can maintain their cultural identity while at the same time developing allegiance to the nation? ___ True ___ False

CHAPTER 1: THEORY AND IT’S INFLUENCES ON THE PURPOSES OF SCHOOLING
a. Theory
b. Theoretical Framework
c. Functionalism
d. Conflict Theory
e. Hegemony
f. Correspondence
g. Reproduction Theory
h. Cultural Capital
i. Interpretive Theory
j. Critical Theory
k. Human Agency
l. Resistence
m. Schooling
n. The Purposes of Schooling

193. There is a difference between Education and Schooling? ___ True ___ False

194. Education is the learning that takes place in formal institutions whose specific function is the socialization of specific groups within society? ___ True ___ False

195. Functionalism and Conflict theories are both concerned with description of the structural aspects of society, but are not concerned with how existing social structures facilitate the general functioning of society?___ True ___ False

196. Interpretive theories include:
a. Phenomenology
b. Symbolic Interactionism
c. Ethnomethodology
d. All of the above

197. The central concern of critical theories and feminist, postmodern, and poststructural approaches is the transformation rather than reproduction, of values, beliefs, and structures of society? ___ True ___ False

198. In simplistic terms, a theory is a world view, a way we organize and explain the world we live in? ___ True ___ False

199. Theories are impractical and complex, and not all humans use theoretical thought? ___ True ___ False

200. Theory in both natural and social sciences evolves because it is affected by historical and cultural developments?
___ True ___ False

201. All theories are equally valid? ___ True ___ False

202. Which has been the prevailing theoretical framework in the social sciences throughout the 20th century?
a. Ethnomethodology
b. Feminist theory
c. Critical theory
d. Correspondence theory
e. Functionalism
f. none

203. In the traditional functionalist view of social transmission, each elder generation passes on to each succeeding generation the rules, customs, and appropriate behaviors for operating in the society? ___ True ___ False

204. Under functionalist thought, which are not one of the 3 primary intellectual purposes of schooling?
a. Acquisition of cognitive skills
b. To promote the assimilation of immigrants
c. Acquisition of inquiry skills
d. To select and train the labor force
5. Acquisition of substantive knowledge

205. One of the earliest plans for private elementary education to both males and females was introduced to the Virginia legislature in 1779 by Thomas Jefferson? ___ True ___ False

206. Under functionalist thought, schooling serves 2 major economic purposes; the prepare students for later work roles and to select and train the labor force? ___ True ___ False

207. Schools do not serve any major social purposes? ___ True ___ False

208. Conflict theories suggest that equilibrium is the natural state of society? ___ True ___ False

209. Correspondence refers to how society’s economic organization are mirrored in its institutions and vice-versa? For example, schools tend to mirror the inequalities in society at large so that children learn, through both a hidden curriculum and an explicit curriculum, the skills and attitudes that will correspond to their later work roles. ___ True ___ False

210. Cultural capital does not differ according to social class? ___ True ___ False

211. Children from middle class backgrounds are more able to participate in their own socialization processes in educational institutions because their language is congruent with, or similar to, the language of schools? ___ True ___ False

20. Hegemony refers to social consensus created by dominant groups through coercion and physical threat?___ True ___ False

212. To interpretivists, reality is fixed? ___ True ___ False

213. The common thread among interpretivists is their focus on the social construction of meaning in social interactions, which they study through qualitative or descriptive research methods? ___ True ___ False

Critical Theory (chose the best answer)?
a. Rejected the idea of an authoritative, neutral, apolitical science
b. Hegemony
c. Power is Knowledge
d. Teachers must respect the culture of their students by providing opportunities for them to participate in their own learning
e. A critique of traditional or bourgeois perspectives which assumed that social phenomenon could be understood by means of scientific methods of description, classification, generalization, and quantification
214. Paulo Freire
215. The Frankfurt School
216. Antonio Gramsci
217. Michel Foucault
218. Jurgen Habermas

219. Critical theorists refer to active involvement by participants as “human agency” and believe that despite the influence of oppressive reproductive forces on schools, it is through human agency that hope exists for transformation of society?
___ True ___ False

Social Transformation (choose the best answer)?
a. Questions the infallibility of scientific inquiry and attacks on the capability of scientists to be objective
b. A range of political and theoretical positions and practices that work toward political, economic, spiritual, sexual, and social equality in a patriarchal society
c. Attacks the assumption that societies are made coherent by underlying forms and structures, which it views as a form of authority
d. Their research questions are guided by the interests of the clients rather than notions of pure science or the interests of the researcher
e. Questions the legitimacy of any authoritative standard or canon — whether it be in art, music, literature, science, or philosophy
220. Poststructuralism
221. Postmodernism
222. Feminist theories
223. Post-Positivism
224. Critical ethnographers

CHAPTER 5: SOCIAL CLASS AND IT’S RELATIONSHIP TO EDUCATION
a. Class
b. Social Class
c. Cultural Capital
d. Stratification
e. The Mythical Middle Class
f. Caste
g. Caste-Like Minority
h. Ideology
i. Social Construction of Identity
j. Social Mobility
k. Empowerment

Social Class (choose the best answer)?
a. Refers to the control of material resources or economic clout
b. Refers to the control of ideological resources or cultural influence
c. A number of things grouped together because they share common characteristics
d. Power not so legitimated or by force
e. Arranged in a pyramid-shaped hierarchy according to members’ wealth, power and prestige
f. Power legitimated by others
g. Refers to authority in the political realm
h. Groups of people who share certain characteristics of prestige, patterns of taste and language, income, occupational attainment (though not necessarily the same jobs), educational level, aspirations, behavior, and beliefs
225. Social Class
226. Class
227. Stratified
228. Wealth
229. Power
230. Prestige
231. Authority
232. Coercion

233. Social Darwinists in the 1850's argued that social policies to help the poor would be harmful, since they would only encourage the reproduction of people who were mentally or morally defective and would waste resources that could better be used for more deserving populations? ___ True ___ False

234. Class status and virtue are synonymous, and class is a function of innate intelligence? ___ True ___ False

235. Power and authority often go hand in hand, and both often are a function of class? ___ True ___ False

236. Ideologies are way(s) of looking at the world that we tend to accept as natural and common sense. They provide the categories, concepts, and images through which people interpret their world and shape their behavior? ___ True___ False

237. Hegemonic domination is facilitated by the “myth of the middle class,” because this social ideology maintains the domination of the existing class system. The common belief that any differences are only a matter of degree is a convenient fiction that allows us to ignore extremes of wealth and poverty? ___ True ___ False

238. Schools do not play an important role in maintaining existing patterns of domination? ___ True ___ False

Theoretical Beginnings (match the theorist with the concept/contribution)?
a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Pierre Bourdieu
239. Distinguished among three kinds of authority: traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal.

240. In the process of primary socialization, people also develop a habitus, or a set of ideas about how the world operates, what is to be valued, what one’s own place in society is, and which actions are correct and proper.

241. Alienation occurs when the social structures surrounding people change in ways over which they have no control and to which they have difficulty adjusting.

242. Untangled and distinguished between class and culture, so that class is understood as a position in the hierarchy or status, and culture is the way people express that status.

243. Dialectical analysis is a method by which all assumptions are assumed to contain their own contradictions or opposites. Thus propositions believed to be true are analyzed as if they are false.

244. Cultural Capital constitutes the ways of talking and acting, moving, dressing, socializing, tastes, likes and dislikes, competencies, and forms of knowledge that distinguish one group from another.

245. Posited that societies based upon meritocracy could recruit able individuals for positions of wealth and power regardless of their initial social standing.

246. Made explicit the relationship between social class and economic power and demonstrated how it creates a hierarchy of classes within a society.

247. Social Mobility refers to the movement of individuals and groups up and down from the social class of their birth to others?
___ True ___ False

248. According to researchers such as Ogbu, there are no systematic patterns of discrimination experienced by minorities, therefore they don’t share a caste-like status? ___ True ___ False

249. Blau and Duncun’s landmark study (1967) tried to develop a model to predict mathematically how much education contributed to individual occupational attainment. Their model had profound impact upon the way social scientists thought about relationships among education, occupation, and socioeconomic status? ___ True ___ False

250. Meritocracy really exists in the U.S.! Researchers have found that each social class is represented in the various ability groups in proportion to the percentage in the population? ___ True ___ False

251. Discussions of the relationship between class and educational achievement argue that rich people, of whatever race , religion, or gender are much more different to one another than they are to poor people of their own race, religion, or gender? ___ True ___ False

252. Critical pedagogues believe that schools can be used to help people become conscious of the forces that oppress them and learn strategies to overcome them, thereby becoming “empowered?” ___ True ___ False